Rhodiola rosea (scientific name: Rhodiola rosea L.), alias: rhodiola rosea, sauromabul (Tibetan name), etc.; It is a perennial herb with a height of 10-20cm. Roots stout, conical, fleshy, brownish yellow, root neck with many fibrous roots, rhizome short, thick, cylindrical, scaly leaves arranged by most imbricate. [1] It grows in an alpine and pollution-free zone of 1800-2500 meters above sea level, and its growth environment is harsh, so it has strong vitality and special adaptability. It can be used for medicinal purposes, can replenish qi and clear lung, and nourish the heart. It is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of effects. It also has a great beauty effect and can be used as skin care products and edible.

Morphological characteristics of perennial herbs.

Roots stout, erect. Root neck short, apex scaly. The flower stems are 20-30cm high. Leaves sparsely oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate or oblong-broadly ovate, 7-35mm long and 5-18mm wide, apex acute or acuminate, entire or with a few teeth distally, base slightly clasping.

Inflorescence corymbose, densely many-flowered, 2cm long and 3-6cm wide; Dioecious; Sepals 4, lanceolate-linear, 1mm long, obtuse; Petals 4, yellow-green, linear-oblanceolate or oblong, 3mm long, obtuse; Stamens 8 in male flowers, longer than petals; Scales 4, oblong, 1-1.5mm long, 0.6mm wide, apical dentate emarginate; female flower central coat 4, style recurved.

Follicles lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, erect, 6-8mm long, beak 1mm long; seeds lanceolate, 2mm long, narrowly winged on one side. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period is from July to September. [2]

plant morphology

growth habit

Rare wild plants grow under the hillside forest or on the grassy slope in the alpine and pollution-free zone of 1800-2500 meters above sea level, mostly distributed in the alpine zone of the northern hemisphere. [3] Because of its poor growth environment, such as hypoxia, low temperature and dryness, strong wind, ultraviolet radiation, and large temperature difference between day and night, it has strong vitality and special adaptability.

It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Tibet and northwestern Yunnan, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet and other places; it is also distributed in northern Europe to the Soviet Union, Mongolia, North Korea, and Japan.

breeding cultivation

Propagation techniques Propagation methods Propagate with seeds and rhizomes.

Seed propagation, seedling transplanting method. The seeds are small, the weight of 1000 grains is 0.13-0.15g, the suitable germination temperature is 15-20 ℃, and the germination force is lost after storage for 1 year. The mature and full new seeds can be soaked with gibberellin plus ABT rooting powder to promote germination and rooting, with a seedling emergence rate of 70%. Bacteria can be used in greenhouses or plastic greenhouses and outdoor sunny beds. Spring sowing in April; Autumn sowing in October, especially in autumn. To broadcast or broadcast. Cover fine soil and cover grass after sowing. Always keep the seedbed moist to prevent people and animals from trampling on the bed surface, and provide appropriate shade when the sun is too strong. Cultivate for 1 year and transplant from late April to early May or mid-to-late September. Trench according to row spacing of 10-15cm, plant spacing of 7-10cm, place seedlings obliquely in the ditch and cover soil of 2cm.

Rhizome propagation, combined with harvest, select the larger rhizome, cut into 3-5cm small segments, slightly air 1-2d, so that the wound healing. Spring planting is April to May; Autumn planting is from September to October, with autumn cutting as appropriate. According to the bead spacing of 20-25cm × 10-15cm, planting obliquely, covering soil, and slightly suppressing.

cultivation technique

selection

Rhodiola is generally wild in Xiangyang hillsides, stone gaps, alpine meadows, high rock crevices, hillside grasses

Rhodiola form

land, scrub edges, and high mountain dry sandy soils. It has strong adaptability, likes cold and humid climatic conditions, is resistant to cold and drought, and is not very strict with soil requirements. It should be cultivated in mountainous areas with high altitude, cold climate, short frost-free period and large temperature difference between day and night in summer.

The cultivated land should be loam or sandy loam with rich humus, deep soil layer, sufficient sunshine and good drainage, and can be cultivated in forest cutting land or wasteland in mountain areas.

The best choice for nursery soil fertile loose, close to the water plot.

For transplanting, hillside land, barren hillslope land and non-cultivated land with good drainage and slightly more sand in soil shall be selected as far as possible, and shall not be cultivated in clay, saline-alkali soil and low-lying waterlogged land.

soil preparation and fertilization

After the selection of land, it is deeply turned over for 30~40cm, the sundries in the field are removed, the soil clumps are broken, and the border width is 100~120cm, the height is 20~25cm, and the working road width is 50~70cm. In combination with cultivated land, 30000~50000kg of stable manure or pigsty manure and 20~30kg of compound fertilizer are applied per hectare, and raked and leveled. The flat land with higher terrain can be ridged, and the land with lower terrain can also be ridged. The non-arable land on the hillside and the hillside can only be ploughed and raked, and the ridging is not done, but the drainage ditch should be dug.

seedling raising

Select fresh and mature Rhodiola seeds to sow in spring or autumn, spring sowing time is from late March to early April, and autumn sowing time is from mid-September to freezing. Autumn sowing early seedling, seedling complete, seeds do not need to deal.

When sowing in spring, the seeds should be soaked in water. The specific method is: put the seeds into clean cloth bags, soak the cloth bags in normal temperature water for 40-50h, change the water 2-4 times a day, dry the soaked seeds to remove the surface moisture in a cool and ventilated place, and sow immediately when the seeds can disperse naturally. When sowing, the soil on the surface of the nursery bed shall be scraped flat with a wooden board, and the furrows shall be opened according to the row spacing of 8~10cm, with the furrows deep of 3~5mm. The seeds shall be evenly spread in the furrows, and the seeds shall be sown 1 per square meter. 5 to 2. 0g, 2~3mm fine soil screened by cover, compacted by hand or board, and then covered with a layer of straw or pine branches on the bed.

Transplanting Rhodiola seedlings were transplanted after 1 year of growth, and the transplanting time was after the above-ground part withered in the autumn of that year or before the spring of the second year. The effect of transplanting in spring is better. Generally, when the seedlings have not yet germinated from late March to early April, all the seedlings are excavated first, and transplanted according to the planting size. The planting row spacing is 20cm, the planting spacing is 10~12cm, the horizontal furrow is cut, the furrow depth is 10~12cm, the top bud is planted upward into the furrow, the thickness of the covering soil is 2~3cm above the top bud, and the planting is slightly suppressed, about 50 large seedlings per square meter, seedlings can be planted 60.

Harvest and Processing Harvest Season After the above-ground part withers in autumn, first remove the above-ground withered stems and leaves, dig out the underground part, remove the soil, rinse with water, and dry at 60~70 ℃, or steam the washed medicinal materials in a pot for 7~10 minutes, dry them in the sun or in a drying room, and when the medicinal materials reach 80% 7. dry, straighten the roots and rhizomes, align the top, bundle several rhizomes into small bundles, and bake until dry.

pest control

The disease mainly occurs in the incision of rhizome propagation seedlings, which is easy to form root rot, which can be prevented by disinfection and sterilization before planting. The main pests are aphids and small red bead silk butterfly and other lepidoptera pests, with environmentally friendly insecticide 3% high permeability phenoxycarb EC0.025%~ 0.033% solution spraying control.

medicinal value

Taste: cold, sweet, astringent.

Menorrhotic: lung.

Function indications: Qi Qingfei, Yizhi Yangxin, astringent hemostasis, blood stasis detumescence effect. It is mainly used to treat qi deficiency and weakness, chills after illness, shortness of breath and fatigue, lung heat, cough, hemoptysis, leucorrhea diarrhea, traumatic injury, etc.

Usage and dosage:

Internal administration: decoction, 3-9g;

External use: appropriate amount, tamping; or grinding powder. Each discussion

1. Shen Nong's Materia Herb

The first medical classic in ancient China, Shennong's Materia Medica, lists Rhodiola as the top grade of medicine. Taking Rhodiola is light and invigorating, does not prolong the age, is non-toxic and takes more, and does not hurt people after taking it for a long time. It can tonifying the kidney, adjusting qi and nourishing blood, treating general fatigue, chest tightness, etc.; it also has the effects of promoting blood circulation to stop bleeding, clearing the lung and relieving cough, antipyretic, and stopping the belt.

2. The Four Medical Classics

There are also records about Rhodiola in the Tibetan "Four Medical Codes", which say that it is "flat in nature, astringent in taste, good at nourishing the lungs, nourishing the kidney, and nourishing qi and blood. The main indications of fatigue, chest tightness, nausea, weakness and other symptoms.

3. Jingzhu Materia"

"Jingzhu Materia" says "Rhodiola invigorates the lungs, relives cough and fever, and relives pain. It is used to treat pneumonia, tracheitis, weakness, general fatigue, chest tightness, difficulty in breathing, and purple lips and palmatics".

4. "Compendium of Materia Medica" Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty "Compendium of Materia Medica" records that "Rhodiola, the first grade of the classic, dispelling evil spirits, and making up for deficiencies" is "rare in known tonic drugs".

5, "Qian Jin Wing Fang"

"Qianjin Wing Fang" said, "Jingtian taste bitter and sour flat, non-toxic. The Lord is hot and sore, the body is hot and vexed, evil, all the poison scabs, cold and hot wind arthralgia, all the shortcomings, the flower Lord woman leaks red and white, clear body and eyesight, long service Tongshen not old."

6. Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine

"Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine" records: Rhodiola "cold, sweet and astringent. Activating blood to stop bleeding, clearing lung cough. Treatment of hemoptysis, hemoptysis, pneumonia cough." [11]

7. Modern Practical Materia Herb

"Modern Practical Materia Herb" said its role has seven, namely "1. central inhibition. 2. anti-fatigue effect. 3. cardiac function. 4. anti-inflammatory effect. 5. inhibition of blood sugar rise. 6. anti-peroxidation effect. 7. anti-microwave radiation effect". [12]

8. Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine in Tibet

"Commonly used Chinese herbal medicine in Tibet": Rhodiola also has the effect of promoting blood circulation and stopping bleeding, clearing the lung and relieving cough, relieving fever and stopping the belt. The main indications of hemoptysis, pneumonia cough, women leucorrhea and other diseases.

Protection status

Due to overgrazing and man-made unplanned mining, the population of Rhodiola, one of the populations in the system, showed a downward trend, and the distribution pattern was seriously damaged. On the one hand, it will limit the maintenance and development of the Rhodiola population itself, on the other hand, the change of its quantity and pattern will affect the living conditions of its associated species, and reduce the stability of the alpine meadow ecosystem. With the deepening of people's understanding of the new pharmacological effects of Rhodiola, the demand will continue to expand. If the problem of resource supply is not effectively solved, it will be difficult to maintain and protect the fragile native ecosystem of Rhodiola, which will inevitably lead to the reduction of biological resources of Rhodiola plants and the loss of genetic diversity resources, and then lead to the destruction of the native ecosystem on which Sedum depends.

Measures for the protection of Rhodiola can be implemented from the following aspects:

1. Construction of Rhodiola germplasm resource bank;

2. Selection of core quality trait indicators to screen Rhodiola resources;

3. Adopt modern technology and biological means to establish a technology platform for efficient utilization of Rhodiola.